This section aims to gather information on the labor statistics profile of each community. As mandated by the CBMS Act, employment is one of the key indicators to be collected at a granular level that would be able to signal local and national policymakers with the appropriate programming and interventions. The creation of productive employment opportunities is essential for achieving poverty reduction and sustainable economic and social development.
Major key labor statistics that would be generated from the information in this section are statistics on employment, unemployment, underemployment, and new entrants to the labor force.
There are five (5) subsets for this section:
E01 to E10 are for persons 5 years old and over and who ever worked or had a job/business during the past week;
E11 to E20 are for persons 15 years old and over (except E14 & E18) who ever worked or had a job/business during the past week.
- E21 to E24 are for persons 15 years old and over (except E21 & E23) with job/business during the past week;
E25 to E38 are for persons 15 years old and over who did not work or had no job/business during the past week; and
E39 to E44 are for 15 years old and over persons with agricultural lands.
Household members who are Overseas Filipinos (OF) in particular those with answer code ‘1’ - Yes, Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) with Contract, code ‘2’ - Yes, Other OFW with no contract, code ‘3’ - Yes, Employees in Philippine Embassy, consulates and other missions, or Code‘6’ - Yes, Other Overseas Filipino not elsewhere classified in B06 will NOT be included in E01 to E38.
The reference week to be considered for questions in this section should be the past seven days preceding the date of interview or visit.
Data items E01 to E44 will only be asked if B06 is code ‘4’ for Student abroad, ‘5’ for Tourist, or ‘7’ for Resident.
Begin by reading the section introduction to the respondent:
“Now we would like to ask information on the work, job or business activity of household members.”
E01: Work for at least one hour during the past week
Work is any economic activity that a person does for pay, (in cash or in kind, in any establishment, office, farm, private home), or for profit, or without pay on family farm or business, or activity is done by a farm operator or member of his family on another’s farm on exchange labor arrangement.
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) do any work for at least one (1) hour during the past week (including work from home or telecommuting)?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent. If the answer is No, proceed to E03.
The question refers to the work done by the person in his/her primary job or other jobs. Hence, if he/she did not work in the primary job during the past week, but worked in his other job, he/she should have an answer of Yes in this question.
It is important to ask probing questions to ascertain if the household member has a job or business, or unpaid work in own family-operated farm or business during the reference week. “Worked at all” for purposes of CBMS data collection, means that a person reported to his/her place of work and performed duties/activities for at least one hour during the reference week.
Work for Pay is any economic activity that a person does for an employer, whether in an establishment, office, farm, or private residence (other than his or her own), and receives salary/wage, commission, tips, in cash or in-kind, or other forms of compensation such as free meals, free-living quarters, and educational support.
Work for Profit is any economic activity that a self-employed person does for profit in own business such as sari-sari store, farm, and dress shop; or for fees in the practice of one’s profession or trade. Making a single article that is intended for sale is considered as work for a profit.
The following activities are considered as work for profit:
a. Gardening where the product is mainly for sale;
b. Growing of ornamental plants and flowers, seedling, black pepper (pimienta), or betel leaf for sale irrespective of the size of the area;
c. Cultivation of land for temporary, annual, or biennial crops or shrubs, or maintenance of an orchard;
d. Fishing, an occasional gathering of forest or marine products mainly for sale; and
e. Raising of fowls or animals during the reference period (this may not be done as a regular business)
For any of the activities mentioned in items 2.a to 2.e, if the product is intended for home consumption, then it is not considered work. If the household member is engaged in fishing mainly for home consumption, the activity is not considered work.
Work without pay on family farm or business is any economic activity that a person does without pay on a farm or business that is being operated by another family member in the same household.
Examples:
- A daughter who works as a salesgirl without pay in a store operated by her mother
- A wife who does clerical work at home, without pay, for her husband who is an independent practicing lawyer
- A nephew who works without pay in the clinic owned by his doctor uncle with whom he lives
Work by a farm operator or by his family member on another household’s farm on exchange labor is any economic activity that a farm operator or a member of his family does on a farm being operated by another household on exchange labor arrangements. An exchange labor arrangement is usually practiced by agricultural workers during the height of rice planting and harvesting seasons. A farmer who works on an exchange labor arrangement will be considered working on his own farm.
For the purpose of CBMS data collection, the following activities should not be considered as work:
- Housekeeping in own home
- Building, repairing, or painting own house
- Volunteer work (e.g., packing of relief goods) except Barangay Tanod, Barangay Nutrition Scholar, Barangay Health Worker
- Begging or gambling
E02: Working Arrangement
Ask the respondent, “What is (NAME)'s working arrangement?”.
Those who did not work in the past week, different working arrangements are in the table below along with the codes and corresponding categories. Select one among the codes below based on the answer of the respondent, then proceed to E04.
| Code | Categories | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Working in the default place of work (not at home) | The default place of work can be understood as the usual place or location where the work would typically be expected to be carried out except home, taking into account the profession and status in employment. |
| 2 | Telecommuting/work from home | The work is carried out at an alternative location other than the default place of work or within the worker’s own residence but is not the main place of work. |
| 3 | Home-based work | The work is carried out at home, or the main place of work is their own home. |
| 4 | On job rotation | Refer to one where the employees are rotated or alternately provided work within the workweek. Examples of cases that can be considered as Code 4 (job rotation): a. A household member is working in a private company from Monday to Saturday. In the past week, he/she was assigned as a production assistant from Monday to Wednesday. Meanwhile, from Thursday to Saturday, he/she was assigned as a sales supervisor. b. In a private company, there are 20 employees. During the reference period, fifty percent of them worked from Monday to Wednesday while the rest was scheduled last Thursday to Saturday. |
| 5 | On a mixed arrangement | The work is partly carried out at the default place of work and partly at home. |
| 6 | On reduced hours | The work is reduced to less than eight (8) hours or the standard working hours either by fewer hours per days or by fewer days per week. Examples of cases for Code 6 (reduced working hours): a. A household member is working as a security guard. He/she is required to work for 10 hours per day from Monday to Friday. However, in the past week, he/she only worked for 8 hours per day. b. A vegetable vendor usually sells in the market from Sunday to Saturday. During the reference period, he/she only worked for Tuesday-Saturday-Sunday due to Community Quarantine. |
E03: Did not work but have a job or business in the past week
This question will be asked to all respondents whose answer is No in E01. Ask the respondent, “Although (NAME) did not work, did (NAME) have a job or business during the past week?”. Select the corresponding code based on the response given by the respondent. If the answer of the respondent is ‘2’ for No, or ‘3’ for No, temporarily, proceed to E25.
| Code | Description | Skipping instruction |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | |
| 2 | No | GO TO E25 |
| 3 | No, Temporarily | GO TO 25 |
Some persons may not have worked at all during the past week but may actually have jobs or businesses that they are temporarily not reporting to.
If the household member has job/business even though he/she was not a work during the reference week, he/she should answer Yes. The following are the possible reasons for not having work in the past week:
- Temporary illness/disability
- Bad weather or disaster
- Working time arrangement
- On strike
- On vacation or sick leave
- A person temporarily laid off due to non-economic reasons like machine breakdown
- A person with a new job to begin within 2 weeks from the date of the interview
- Regular and temporary teachers, excluding substitutes, during summer vacation who still receive pay and who expect to go back to their jobs in the next school year
- Other reasons
In the case of a person with absences, be guided with the following:
| Codes | Event |
|---|---|
| 1 - Yes if both of the events apply |
|
| 2 - No if both of the events apply |
|
| 3 - No, temporarily if both of the events apply |
|
E04: Engagement/use of online platform or mobile application to perform work or undertake business
This item asks whether the household members engaged in online platform or mobile application in his or her work/job business for the past week. Examples of online platforms or mobile applications are Yahoo Mail, Facebook, Gmail, Webex Meet, Zoom, Grab, etc.
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) engage in online platform or mobile application, for at least an hour, in his/her work/job or business in the past week?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent.
E05 and E06: Location of work (province and municipality)
Ask the respondent, “Where was (NAME)'s location of work?”.
A list of provinces and municipalities will appear for this question. Search and select the province and city/municipality as provided by the respondent.
If the work is performed solely at home, please select the province and city/municipality where the person usually resides and performs his/her job or business.
When using the printed questionnaire, you may write first the province and city/municipality. Then, find and record the codes later. Codes to be used are Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), which can be accessed at:
https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/.
An e-Classification mobile application can be downloaded in your mobile data collection. This application contains all official statistical classification systems used in PSA data collection activities and in the 2023 CBMS like the PSGC, Philippine Standard Industry Classification (PSIC) and Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC), which will be used heavily in this section. This application works on Android devices.
Download here: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.psa.equery&hl=en&gl=US
E07: Primary Occupation
Occupation is the specific kind of work a person does. If a person has a job but not at work such as one who is on leave or vacation, it is the kind of work he or she will be doing when he or she reports for work.
A person who is waiting for a new job to begin within two weeks from the date of the interview is also considered as a person who has a job but not at work and his or her occupation is the kind of job that he or she will be doing.
Furthermore, primary occupation is defined as any gainful activity of a person which is a permanent and full-time job, lasting for one year or longer or had lasted, or expected to last for one year or longer, regardless of whether he/she had a job/business, at work or not at work during the past week.
Note that if the answer in E01 is No, but he is waiting for a new job to begin within two weeks from the date of interview then answer in E03 should be Yes, and then ask this item.
This question will be asked to all respondents whose answer is Yes in E01. Ask the respondent, “What was (NAME) ’s primary occupation during the past week?”. You may also opt to ask the concerned household member if he or she is present in the household at the time of the interview.
Enter in the space provided the primary occupation of the respondent based on his/her answer.
Consider the following criteria in identifying the primary occupation:
If a person has only one occupation, regardless of permanency, full-time or part-time, consider this as his/her primary occupation.
If a person has two or more jobs, consider as primary the one that is permanent, whether full time or part time.
a. If a person has two permanent jobs, consider the one where he/she works more hours as his/her primary job. If, however, these two permanent jobs have equal hours of work, consider as primary the one where he/she derives more income. When these two permanent jobs have equal hours of work and with the same income ask the preference of the respondent.
b. If a person has three or more permanent jobs, use the same rule (2.a) above.
Describe the specific job or occupation performed by the person in the establishment, office, farm, or in other places of work, like rice farmer, corn farm worker (paid or unpaid), or deep-sea fisherman, and finance clerk. A person operating his own farm should be reported as a farmer-owner, while the person hired to manage or oversee a farm is a farm manager or farm overseer. Paid laborers or unpaid family workers assisting in the farm operation are considered farm workers.
Answers such as employee, engineer, laborer, and mechanic do not describe adequately the work performed. Hence, ask probing questions like:
- What is his/her work as an employee?
- What kind of engineer/mechanic is he/she?
- What does he/she do as a laborer?
- Is he/she a president of a corporation, a general manager, or what?
Enter the primary occupation as stated by the respondent. Probe if the answer of the respondent is vague or general. The below table will be used in probing.
| Some Tips | Cases | Action to be Taken |
|---|---|---|
| Vague answers | Owner, partner, businessman, industrialist, and similar terms are vague and do not describe adequately the occupation of a person. | You have to probe the specific occupation he/she has. |
| If the person owns the business with at least one paid employee and does not do anything, except manage it. | This should be reported as the manager. But details of what aspect is being managed by the household member should be sought. | |
| Not acceptable entries | Student, housekeeper, retired person, or other non-gainful activity |
E08: Philippine Standard Occupational Classification (PSOC)
The PSOC is primarily used as basis for manpower and educational planning, program formulation, policy decision-making and serves as a useful guide for statistical operations and activities, such as censuses and surveys (Source: PSA).
Choose from the listed PSOC codes corresponding to the recorded primary occupation of the household member. You can search the PSOC code using keywords from the written description/ position asked previously. Specify occupation e.g., elementary school teacher, rice farmer, etc.
You may opt to select ‘000000’ for For further verification if you are not sure about the PSOC during the interview proper. But you will not be allowed to submit the CBMS Form 2 HPQ with the ‘000000’ codes on it. You need to edit the temporary code by referring to the PSOC, and/or consult with your TS after each day of data collection.
Below are examples of occupations with corresponding PSOC code:
- Midwives who passed the board exam should be coded 222201 (Professional midwives) and 322201 (Midwifery associate professionals) for non-board passer.
- Scavenging of leftover palay during threshing/harvesting 634001 or 634002 and scavenging of plastics, bottles, etc. should be coded as any of the codes 961201 to 961205.
- Tire makers and vulcanizers should have any of the codes 814101 to 814109 (Rubber Products Machine Operators).
- One member of the household is a fisherman, and another member sell the fish caught. The activity of the household member who sells the fish caught is considered as work and the corresponding PSOC code should be any of the codes 921601 to 921605 (Fishery and Aquaculture Laborers).
- E-load retailers should have any of the codes 521101 to 521109 (Stall and Market Salespersons).
Common occupations are listed in the 2023 CBMS Codebook for your additional reference. If the occupation is not found in the codebook, kindly refer to the 2012 PSOC, which can be accessed using the following:
- CBMS Mobile Application;
- PSA CBMS Resources https://cbmsr.app;
- PSA E-Classification mobile app; and/or
- PSA webpage on the 2012 PSOC https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psoc/.
The PSA provincial offices will also provide a copy of the list of common occupations (and industries) to the CBMS hired personnel for reference.
E09: Kind of business or industry
Industry is the nature or character of the business or enterprise, or of the place where the work was performed in connection with the occupation reported, like a restaurant, hospital, or school.
This question will be questioned in relation to the primary occupation mentioned in E07. Ask the respondent, “In what kind of industry did (NAME) work during the past week?”. Enter the kind of business or industry where the work of the household member was performed.
Politely ask the respondent to give you a description of the nature of work, or the kind of business or industry and record the response.
You may opt to ask the concerned household member if he or she is present at the time of the interview.
| Some Tips | Examples | Action to be Taken |
|---|---|---|
| Acceptable | Cocktail lounge, growing of paddy rice (lowland, irrigated), catching fish, commercial bank, retail sale of food, and private household. Work in a government office or institution, the name of the office, institution, school, or hospital | Find the appropriate code in the 2009 PSIC |
| Too general | Farm, store, retail store, wholesale store, mine, factory plant, shop, school, government, transportation, company | Do not be satisfied if the respondent gives the name of the company where he/she works since the name may not adequately describe the business of the company. Probe and try to elicit information like the kind of product a manufacturing firm produces, or the kind of service that the company is engaged in. Clarify the answer from the respondent by asking probing questions such as: a. What kind of retail store is this? b. Does the shoe factory manufacture leather shoes, rubber shoes, or what? c. Does the firm sell or repair radios? d. Did she wash clothes at a laundry shop or in her own home? |
| If work is pursued in a big company engaged in several activities | Report the nature of the particular activity in which the person is working | |
| If work is for the executive branch of a local government | Indicate whether it is provincial, city, or municipal government |
E10: Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC)
The 2009 PSIC is a detailed classification of industries prevailing in the country according to the kind of productive activities undertaken by establishments.
Choose from the listed PSIC codes the corresponding code of the recorded industry description. You can search the PSIC code using keywords from the written description/ nature of business/product produced. Specify industry e.g., primary/elementary private/public education, growing of paddy rice, etc.
You may opt to select ‘00000’ for Further verification if you are not sure about the PSIC. You may edit the PSIC code or consult with your TS after each day of data collection. You are not allowed to submit the accomplished CBMS Form 2 if there are ‘00000’ codes left in the questionnaire. You are required to provide the appropriate PSIC codes before submission to the server/TS.
Below are examples of industry with corresponding PSIC:
- Scavenging of leftover palay during threshing/harvesting should be coded 46201 (Wholesale of palay, corn, (unmilled) and other grains) while scavenging of plastics, bottles, and the like should be coded as any of the codes 46691 to 46696 (Wholesale of waste and scrap and other products, not elsewhere classified).
- Persons hired in different industries through recruitment agencies except for security guards should be coded on the corresponding industries where they worked, and not on the recruitment agency.
- For security guards under security agencies, the kind of business/industry should be reported under 80101 (security guard services).
- E-load retailing should be coded as any of the codes 47891 (Retail sale of prepaid cards) to 47893 (Retail of electronic load).
- Online selling should be categorized under the PSIC section “Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”. Ask the respondent for the specific products being sold online in order for you to determine the appropriate PSIC code.
E11: Nature of Employment
Items E11 to E21 are for persons 15 years old and over who ever worked or had a job//business during the past week.
Nature of employment refers to the permanence, regularity or seasonality with which a particular work or job/business is being pursued. It is one of the most challenging employment characteristics to determine on account of the great variety of economic activities and the circumstances under which they are pursued. This is particularly so among own-account workers or agricultural workers whose work is characterized to a large extent by irregularity or seasonality.
Ask the respondent, “What is (NAME)’s nature of employment?”. Choose the corresponding codes as provided by the respondent. The corresponding codes and descriptions are shown below.
| Code | Categories | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Permanent job/business/ unpaid family work | A status when employment, for pay or profit, or as an unpaid family worker, has lasted or is expected to last for one year or longer. In general, work is considered permanent if the person engaged in an economic activity works or expects to work for at least one year. The job of farm operators or farmers is considered permanent. A person who worked under a probationary period for six months should be coded here if he or she is expected to work for at least one year. |
| 2 | Short-term or seasonal or casual job/business/unpaid family work | When employment had lasted or expected to last less than one year since it started or for less than 10 calendar months in a year in the case of farm operators and fishermen and their unpaid family workers. It is seasonal when its nature of employment, specifically its timing and duration is significantly influenced by seasonal factors, e.g., Christmas. Meanwhile, it is short-term or contractual when its nature of employment has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking, the completion or termination of which has been determined at the time of engagement. It is a casual job/business when its nature of employment is short-term or temporary, involves irregular hours, not guaranteed to be ongoing. Casual employees are employed on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis without any commitment from the employee or the employer, that the employee will have the job on a permanent or guaranteed basis. Casuals are not usually entitled to benefits associated with continuous employment although they are often entitled to a pay higher than the rate for permanent workers. |
| 3 | Worked for different employers or customers on day-to-day or week- to-week basis | Employment status for odd job workers (e.g., stevedores), not on payroll or not connected with the union, or market (in the case of kargador), and other cargo handlers receiving pay from individual customers. |
Some tips and examples are below:
| Some Tips | Examples |
|---|---|
| Permanent work | In general, work is considered permanent if the person engaged in that activity works or expects to work for at least one year. For farm operators or farm workers, however, their job can be considered permanent even if they work or expect to work for only 10 calendar months in a year provided that during the remaining two months, their activities are in relation to farming such as inspection of the fields, pasturing of work animals, taking care of livestock and poultry, or even simply cleaning equipment to be used in farming. |
| Seasonal/occasional | A person is considered as a seasonal/occasional worker when the employment does not last for at least one year or the employment is short-term or intermittent. Some examples of these are the following: The nature of employment of persons who work under a probationary period of six (6) months is short term/seasonal/casual job. A person who is a carpenter all his life but works for different employers. His work as a carpenter cannot be considered permanent but worked for different employers. |
E12: Normal working hours per day
Normal working hours per day refers to the usual or prescribed working hours of a person in his or her primary job or business, which is considered a full day’s work. If a person did not report for work during the reference week but has a job/business at that time, normal working hours should refer to the usual or prescribed working hours per day the person will spend in his or her primary job or business had he or she reported for work.
Ask the respondent, “What is (NAME)'s normal working hours per day during the past week?”.
Since this question asks for the reference period of past week, to determine the normal working hours per day, you may ask the following question: “In a regular or working day, how much time does (NAME) usually spend working in the job that he/she does?”.
| Some Tips | Action to be Taken |
|---|---|
| If the person regularly works overtime | The number of hours he/she usually spends in a day doing overtime work must be included in reporting the normal working hours. |
| If the person did not do any work at all during the past week but had a job or business during that week | Normal working hours should be the regular working hours he/she would spend in that job/business had he/she reported for work. |
| If a person did not do any work in the primary job during the past week but rather worked in his other job/s | Record the normal working hours in his primary job. |
E13: Number of days worked
Total number of days worked is the actual number of days worked by a person in the primary job or business that he or she held during the past week.
Ask the respondent, “How many days did (NAME) work during the past week?”, then write the respondent’s answer.
E14: Number of hours worked
Total number of hours worked is the actual number of hours worked by a person in the primary job, or business that he or she held during the past week.
Ask the respondent, “What was (NAME)’s total number of hours worked during the past week?”.
Enter the total number of hours worked during the past week as provided by the respondent. This is the person’s actual total number of hours worked during the past week in the primary job that he held.
It includes the duration of the period the person was occupied in his or her work, including overtime, but excluding hours paid but not worked. For wage and salary earners, it includes the time spent on activities done in connection with their occupation but not compensated for. For example, the time a teacher spends at home preparing for forthcoming lectures.
For own-account workers, it includes the time spent in the shop, business, or office, even if no sale or transaction has taken place.
Total number of hours worked at a particular job refers to:
- Hours actually worked during normal periods of work;
- Overtime;
- Time spent at the place of work in preparation of the workplace, repairs and maintenance, preparation and cleaning of tools, and preparation of receipts, timesheets, and reports;
- Time spent at the place of work waiting or standing-by for customers, or due to lack of supply of work, breakdown of machinery, or accident, or for which payment is made under a guaranteed employment contract;
- Time corresponding to short rest periods at the workplace, including tea and coffee breaks.
Total number of hours worked exclude:
- Hours paid for but not worked, such as paid vacation leave, paid public holidays, or paid sick leave;
- Meal breaks; and
- Time spent on travel from home to work, and vice versa.
In principle, the total number of hours worked should be confined to hours spent on economic activities. In practice, however, this distinction may be difficult for certain categories of workers. For example, in family farms, agricultural activities are often intermingled with domestic chores, not only because agricultural activities and domestic chores are performed simultaneously, but also because the two types of activities are close.
Difficulty in identifying number of hours may arise in connection with home-based workers and workers in household enterprises, as well as with apprentices and trainees, whose activities may combine elements of learning with productive work, performed at the same place and during the same reference period.
Enter ‘000’ for persons who did not do any work during the past week but had a job/business during the reference week.
E15: Want more hours of work
Ascertain whether the household member who was at work, or who had a job/business even though not at work, desired to have more or longer working hours in the same job or to have an additional job or to work in another new job with longer working hours if such was available.
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) want more hours of work during the past week?”.
If the answer is Yes, see to it that the desire for more hours of work should be more or less for all the days of the week, and not just for a particular day(s).
For persons who worked for the first time, or who decided to resume working but whose work commenced only during the middle of the week, it is enough that they expressed their desire to work longer hours each day or more days during the week they worked.
E16: Looking for additional work
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) look for additional work during the past week?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent.
Underemployed refers to employed persons who expressed the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job, or to have additional jobs, or to have a new job with longer working hours during the reference week.
This question is to be asked also for members of the household aged five (5) years old and over. If household member is aged 5-14 years old, proceed to E18.
E17: First time to do any work
Ask the respondent, “Since the age of 15, was this (NAME)’s first time to do any work?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent.
This question is to be asked also for members of the household aged five (5) years old and over. If household member is aged 5-14 years old, proceed to E18.
New Entrants to the Labor Force are persons who seek work for the first time or those who work for the first time since the age of 15. Included also are those who are expected to work for the first time within two weeks from the date of the interview.
A person is considered as a new entrant if he/she started to work for the first time at any time during the current data collection period, that is, from March to May 2023.
To ascertain the existence of a job or business or unpaid work, on family farm or enterprise, ask probing questions to the respondent.
Probe if the person whose age is greater than 30 claims that it is his/her first time to do any work. Thirty is not the age limit but it may be used to verify the correctness of the answer, or unpaid work, on family farm or enterprise. Probe if the person whose age is greater than 30 claims that it is his/her first time to do any work. Thirty is not the age limit but it may be used to verify the correctness of the answer.
Include as a new entrant a person who did not work at all during the past week but has a job to begin within two weeks from the date of interview, provided that it would be the first time he/she will work, whether the future start of work is within the data collection period, or not.
Take note of the following cases in order to determine who are to be considered as new entrants or not:
During the interview conducted on March 1, 2023 to June 03, 2023, for example, on March 31, 2023, one household member is scheduled to begin his first day of work in April 03, 2023, that is, within the current data collection period. Consider him as a new entrant.
The interview is conducted on April 30, 2023. One member will start to work on his first job on May 10, 2023. He is considered a new entrant although the future start of work is not within the current data collection period.
A student will work for the first time on April 17, 2023. The answer in this column is Yes. The student is a new entrant.
A person has been employed as a clerk since January 2023. The answer in this column is code ‘2’ for No. The clerk is not a new entrant.
A person worked as a secretary for one year but in April 2023, she was hired for the first time as a telephone operator. The answer in this column is No.
A person worked for the first time as a domestic helper when she was only 14 years old. In March 2023, she was still employed as a domestic helper. Her date of birth is 01 March 2008. During the interview on 08 March 2023, she is 15 years old. The domestic helper is a new entrant since she just entered the labor force when she turned 15 on 08 March 2023.
Select the appropriate code that corresponds to the answer of the respondent.
E18: Class of worker
This question is for household members 5 years old and over. In relation to the primary occupation mentioned by in E07 ask the respondent, “What is (NAME)'s class of worker?”. Select the corresponding codes below**.
Class of Worker refers to the relationship of the worker to the establishment where he or she works. The following are the categories for the class of worker and its codes and descriptions:
Code 0 - Worked for private household refers to a person who works in a private household for pay, in cash or in kind. Examples include domestic helper, household cook, gardener, and family driver.
Take note of the following occupations commonly reported by workers staying in with a household and the corresponding PSIC:
| Description | P S O C | P S I C |
|---|---|---|
| A worker who does laundry for and works full time in a certain household | 912102 | 96401 |
| Cook | 512001 | 96401 |
| Babysitter | 531101 | 96401 |
| Home-based nurse | 532205 | 96401 |
| Bodyguard, security guard (not hired by security agency) | 541403 | 96401 |
| Family driver | 832202 | 96401 |
| Domestic helper | 515203 | 96401 |
| Caretaker | 515301 | 96401 |
These occupations can also be used with other PSIC and class of workers. Carpenters who worked in private households could have a class of workers of either code 1 (worked for private establishment), code 3 (self-employed), or code 4 (employer).
For household members whose relationship to head is coded 01 to 24 and code 26 and with reported occupations mentioned above, the PSIC code to be reported should be 9640, and household members whose relationship to head are code 10, should have the same (PSIC) code of 96401.
Code 1 - Worked for private establishment refers to a person who works in a private establishment for pay, in cash, or in kind. This class of workers not only includes persons working for a private industry, but also those working for a religious group (priest, acolyte), missionary (nuns, sisters, and others), unions, and non-profit organizations.
This category includes the following types of workers:
- Worker who does laundry and is working in a private establishment
- Carpenters working in private establishment
- Persons working in public work projects on private contracts
- Public transport drivers who do not own the vehicle but drive it on a boundary basis
- Dock hands or stevedores
- cargo handlers in railroad stations or piers
- Palay harvester getting fixed share of the produce
- Filipinos working in embassies, legation, chancelleries, or consulates of the foreign government in the Philippines
- Filipinos working in international organizations of sovereign states of governments like the United Nations (UN), and World Health Organization (WHO)
Code 2 - Worked for government/government-owned and controlled corporation refers to a person who works for the Philippine government or a government-owned and controlled corporation or any of its instrumentalities.
Examples for this category of workers are:
- Employees of national government agencies and local government units
- Employees of government-owned and controlled corporations and financial institutions like the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), Social Security System (SSS), and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
- Civilian and military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (including chaplains, doctors, nurses, and dentists)
Code 3 - Self-employed without any paid employee refers to a person who works for profit or fees in owns business, farm, profession, or trade without any paid employee.
Examples for this category of workers are:
- Bookkeeper, CPA, and doctors
- Laundry worker who accepts laundry job at home using her pail, basin, water
Code 4 - Employer in own family-operated farm or business refers to a person who works in his or her own business, farm, profession, or trade and had one or more regular paid employees including family members.
- A farmer who hires regular laborers to work on his farm is considered an employer.
- Domestic helpers, family drivers, and other household helpers who assist in the family-operated business, regardless of time spent in this activity, should not be considered hired employees for the business.
- An operator of a retail store who is wholly assisted by unpaid relatives living with him or her in the operation of the store is considered self-employed.
- A farmer working on the farm of another household on exchange labor arrangement works in the representation of his own farm. He should be reported as the operator of his own farm, either as self-employed without any paid employee (code 3) or as an employer if with at least one regular paid employee (code 4).
Code 5 - Worked with pay in own family-operated farm or business refers to a person who works in own family-operated farm or business and receives cash or a fixed share of the produce as payment for his or her services. He or she must be a family member of the household.
Code 6 - Worked without pay in own family-operated farm or business refers to a member of the family who works without pay in a farm or business operated by another family member living in the same household. The freeboard and lodging, and any cash allowance given as incentives, are not counted as compensation for these family workers. A family member who works on exchange labor arrangements on the farm of another household is included under this category.
Worked with pay is acceptable only if there is a family member living in the same household who is an employer in own family-operated farm or business in any of his/her jobs.
Also, worked without pay in own family-operated farm or business is acceptable only if a family member is living in the same household who is an operator in either his/her primary or another job.
Example:
The household head is a corn farmer and he have no other paid employee/s:
a. If his children are working on the farm without pay, then the class of worker of the household head is self-employed while that of his children is worked without pay.
b. If his children are being paid, then the class of worker of the household head is employer while that of his children is worked with pay.
The household head is a Grab driver:
a. If he owns the vehicle being used, then the class of worker of the household head is self-employed.
b. If he does not own the vehicle and drives it on a commission basis, then the class of worker of the household head is worked for a private establishment.
Children who helped their parents employed as wage and salary workers will have a class of worker of work without pay. Please take note that these children are not employed or do not work in the establishment where the parents work but are only helping the parents to finish their work on time.
If the answer is among codes ‘3’, ‘4’, or ‘6’, proceed to E21.
Class of worker is also related to the occupation (PSOC) and industry (PSIC) of the household member. Refer to the following cases:
Case 1: If any member is code 3 - self-employed in COW, and other member is COW code 6 - unpaid family worker, same PSIC is acceptable but should have different PSOC.
Example:
Father is self-employed owning sari-sari store and son is unpaid family worker, PSIC code is 47113 for both. The occupation of father is sari-sari store owner (522101) while the son's occupation (933403) is store helper.
Case 2: If any member is code 3 - self-employed in COW, and other member is code 6 - unpaid family worker, different PSIC is acceptable if the other member has other job.
Example:
Father is self-employed (code 3), which owns a sari-sari store and a rice farm owner as other job while the son is code 6 - unpaid family worker in their farm. Father's PSIC code is 47113 (primary business is sari-sari store), son's PSIC code is 01121/01122/01123. The PSOC of the father is 522101 while the son’s PSOC is 921102. Entry in Column 22 of the father (other job) is YES.
Case 3: If any member is code 1 in COW, and other member is COW Code 6 - unpaid family worker, this is acceptable if they have the same PSIC and PSOC code.
Example:
Father works as handicraft laborer in a private establishment, son is a helper to the father. Father's COW is 1, son's COW is code 6. Father and son's PSIC and PSOC will be the same. For Case 3, add notes.
For household members who are 5 to 14 years old, any answer, skip to E21 (Other Job or Business). For 15 years old and over, if the answer is code ‘3’, ‘4’ or ‘6’, skip to E21 (Other Job or Business).
QUESTIONS 19 AND 20: FOR WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS
If there is a household member coded as 6, it is possible that the code 3 will also appear. Code 3 however is not required if there is a code 6 in any member of the household. Code 6 can be recorded for a household member if there is a household member 1 who is employed in a private establishment and asks for unpaid help from household member 2. That household member 2 shall be coded as 6. But the household member 1 may be coded as 0 or 1.
E19: Basis of Payment
0 Working for private household;
1 Worked for private establishment;
2 Worked for government/government-owned and controlled corporation;
5 Worked with pay in own family-operated farm or business.
Ask the respondent, “What is (NAME)’s basis of payment?”. This question asks for the basis of payment the employed household member is entitled to receive as the price of labor. The different bases of payment with its corresponding codes are as follows:
| Code | Description | Skipping instruction |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | In-kind, imputed (received as wage/salary) | |
| 1 | Per piece. A person receives remuneration proportionate to his/her output or number of units produced | |
| 2 | Per hour. The manner of payment for the services rendered is by hour | |
| 3 | Per day. The manner of payment for the services rendered is per day | |
| 4 | Monthly. The manner of payment for the services rendered is on a monthly basis. The mode of receipt maybe weekly or every 15th day of the month. | |
| 5 | Pakyaw. Workers are paid by results | GO TO E21 |
| 6 | Other salaries/wages, specify. (e.g., per trip) | GO TO E21 |
| 7 | Not salaries/wages, specify. (e.g., commission basis, honorarium, boundary basis) | GO TO E21 |
The basis of payment of jeepney/bus/tricycle drivers working on a boundary basis should fall under code ‘7’ (not salaries/wages). For persons whose basis of payment falls on code ‘5’ (Pakyaw), code ‘6’ (other salaries or wages) or ‘7’ (not salaries/wages), specify the basis of payment, then skip to E21.
E20: Basic pay per day (in cash)
Basic pay, also called basic wage, is the pay for normal time, prior to deductions of social security contributions, withholding taxes, and others. It excludes allowances, bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, and benefits in kind.
This should be asked only of members whose basis of payment in E19 is either ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, or ‘4’. Ask the respondent, “How much is (NAME)’s basic pay per day?”.
Take note that for a worker who receives only salaries and wages in kind as payment for his/her services (not additional benefit), the basic pay per day should be imputed. Probe further if a person will just start working within two weeks from the date of the interview and does not know the amount of basic pay per day, he/she will be receiving.
To compute the amount of basic pay per day, please be guided by the following:
- Per piece: Rate per piece * number of pieces per day
- Per hour: Rate per hour * normal working hours (excluding overtime)
The normal working hours to be used in the computation of salaries and wages must not include overtime (OT) services. This should be differentiated from the normal working hours entered in E12, which may include working hours for OT services.
E21: Other job or business
This is a question to determine if an employed person has other job or business aside from his primary occupation during the past week.
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) have other job or business during the past week?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent.
Other job/business is any gainful activity of a person which may be permanent or temporary, full time or not, aside from his primary occupation reported in E07.
If the respondents’ answer is No, for household members who are 15 years old and over, skip to E23. And for household members who are 5 to 14 years old, any answer will also skip to E23.
E22: Number of other job/s
This question should be asked if the answer in E21 is ‘1’ for Yes. Enter the number of other job/s that the person held during the past week.
Ask the respondent, “How many other job/s did (NAME) have during the past week?”.
E23: Total number of hours worked for all jobs
This question is asked to all employed persons during the reference week, whether they were employees, self-employed (own-account workers), employers, or unpaid family workers, and whether they hold one or more than one job during the reference week.
Ask the respondent, “What was (NAME)’s total number of hours worked for all jobs during the past week?”. Consider all hours worked for primary job or business, and for the other jobs or business. Enter the total number of hours provided by the respondent. If the total hours worked is 40 to 48 hours, proceed to E39. And for household members who are 5 to 14 years old.
Also ask this question to household members who are 5 to 14 years old.
The entry in this column is the same as the entry in E14 if the answer in E20 is No. If a person did not do any work in his primary/secondary job during the past week but had a job/business during the reference week, then the entry in this column is ‘000’.
Visibly Underemployed refers to employed persons who worked less than 40 hours and wanted additional hours of work during the reference week.
E24: Reason for working more than 48 or less than 40 hours
According to the ILO Convention No. 1 (1919), the “working hours of persons employed in any public or private industrial undertakings or in any branch thereof, other than an undertaking in which only members of the same family are employed, shall not exceed eight in the day and forty-eight in the week, with exceptions hereinafter provided for certain categories of workers”.
Excessive hours of work can be detrimental to physical and mental health and can impede balance between work and family life. It is often a sign of inadequate hourly pay and low earnings in the main job.
The purpose of the question is to distinguish those who are working for long hours for economic reasons from the others.
Ask the respondent, “What is the main reason why (NAME) worked more than 48 or less than 40 hours during the past week?”. Select the corresponding codes based on the answer provided by the respondent, then proceed to E39.
| Codes | Description |
|---|---|
| 11 | Wanted more earnings |
| 12 | Requirements of the job |
| 13 | Exceptional week |
| 14 | Ambition, passion for job |
| 15 | Due to COVID-19 pandemic community quarantine |
| 99 | Others, specify _____ |
| Codes | Description |
|---|---|
| 20 | Variable working time/nature of work |
| 21 | Holidays |
| 22 | Poor business condition |
| 23 | Reduction in clients/work |
| 24 | Low or off season |
| 25 | Bad weather, natural disaster |
| 26 | Strike or labor dispute |
| 27 | Start/end/change of job |
| 28 | Could only find part time work |
| 29 | School training |
| 30 | Personal/family reasons |
| 31 | Health/medical limitations |
| 32 | Due to COVID-19 pandemic community quarantine |
| 99 | Others, specify _____ |
The table below shows the case scenarios of the following reasons for working more than 48 hours of the household member. Refer to the table based on the answer of the respondent to determine which code to choose among the choices.
| Code | Reasons | Cases - Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Wanted more earnings | The person worked more than 48 hours during the week because he or she wanted more earnings. |
| 12 | Requirements of the job | The long hour of work is required of the job. This may happen during the harvest period in agricultural activities or the case of a medical doctor during hospital shifts. |
| 13 | Exceptional week | The reported long hours of work during the reference week were exceptional, for example, due to a deadline, simultaneous absence of several workers, or due to an exceptionally high volume of demand. |
| 14 | Ambition, passion for the job | The long hours of work during the reference week were voluntary, that is, the person is ambitious or is passionate about his or her work. |
| 15 | Due to COVID-19 pandemic community quarantine | |
| 99 | Others, specify _____ (Worked more than 48 hours) | The reason for working more than 48 hours is other than those specified in the abovementioned categories (11-15). Enter in the space provided the specific reason. |
| 99 | Others, specify _____ (Worked less than 40 hours) | The reason for working less than 40 hours is other than those specified in the categories 20-32. Enter in the space provided the specific reason. |
E25: Look for work or try to establish a business
Ask E25 to E38 for household members aged 15 years old and over who did not work or had no job or business during the past week.
A person is said to have looked for work if he/she had taken specific steps to seek paid employment or self-employment. In other words, he/she must have tried to secure a job or to establish a business or practice of a trade.
With the abovementioned concepts and considerations in mind, ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) look for work or try to establish business during the past week?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent. If a ‘Yes’ answer is given, skip to E29.
E26: First time to look for work or try to establish a business
Ask the respondent, “Since the age of 15, was this (NAME)’s first time to look for work or establish business?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent.
This question seeks to determine who among the household members who had no jobs or business belongs to the “new entrants” in seeking for work.
For a person to be considered as a "new entrant" to the labor force (unemployed), he/she must have been looking for work or trying to establish a business for the first time during the current period, that is, any time from March to May 2023. Select the appropriate code that corresponds to the answer of the respondent.
E27: Job search method
There are various ways that a person seeking for work may have done to look for employment. Ask the respondent, “What has (NAME) been doing to find work?” and select the appropriate code. Ascertain the methods which may be any of the following:
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Registered in public employment agency (e.g., PESO) |
| 2 | Registered in private employment agency |
| 3 | Approached employer directly (e.g., jobs fair, walk-in application) |
| 4 | Approached relatives or friends |
| 5 | Placed or answered advertisements (e.g., emails, newspaper ads) |
| 9 | Others, specify _____ Examples are the following:
|
If a person explored more than one (1) method, ascertain which of these methods he/she consider as giving him the best chance of success. If the method falls under Others, specify, select code ‘9’, and enter the specific job search method.
E28: Number of weeks spent looking for work
Ask the respondent, “How many weeks has (NAME) been looking for work?”.
The purpose of this question is to determine the length of time the person spent in seeking for work. The answer should refer to the continuous time period devoted to job search from the time he/she started exerting effort looking for a job until the reference week.
If the person started looking for work some time ago, stopped for a while then resumed searching for employment again, report only the number of weeks starting from the time he/she resumed looking for work.
Enter the number of weeks the person had exerted effort to find work. Then, proceed to E31.
E29: Reason for not looking for work
This question should be asked for persons who did not look for work or did not try to establish a business during the past week, that is, E25 is No.
Ask the respondent, “Why did (NAME) not look for work?”. Refer to the table below and choose the corresponding codes given by the respondent.
| Code | Reasons | Cases | Skipping instruction |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00 | ECQ/ Lockdown/ COVID-19 Pandemic | GO TO E31 | |
| 01 | Temporary illness or disability | A person who did not look for work because he/she was suffering from a temporary illness or temporary disability. | |
| 02 | Bad weather | A person did not look for work because of bad weather, flood, heavy rain, and the like. | GO TO E31 |
| 03 | Waiting for rehire / job recall | A person was temporarily laid off from his/her job due to economic reasons like retrenchment, lack of raw materials, and transfer of management, and did not look for work because he/she was expecting former employer to rehire him/her again. Included in this category is seasonal worker waiting for the busy season like planting, harvesting, construction, tourism, holiday sales, etc. | |
| 04 | Tired/believed no work available | The person did not look for work because he/she believed that there was a lack of openness in the locality that suited his skills so that looking for work is deemed futile. Included also is a person who looked for work before but has given up looking for one because he/she believed that he/she cannot find one. | |
| 05 | Awaiting results of previous job application | A person did not look for work because he/she was expecting to be considered for interview in the establishment where he/she had applied for a job. Also, a person who has applied for permits and licenses, or submitted requests for bank loans to establish own business. One whose application has been approved but whose job will start more than two weeks from the date of interview is also included. | |
| 06 | Too young/old | A person felt that he/she was too young or too old to work | GO TO E33 |
| 07 | Retired | A person had worked long enough and wanted to rest and/or has retired from work | |
| 08 | Permanent disability | The person is suffering from permanent disability, for example, mentally incapacitated, and physically disabled ones. | |
| 09 | Schooling | A person who did not look for work because he/she was still attending school or was expected to attend school within the next three months. This category includes only formal education. For example, students who are on school vacation during summer, or waiting for enrolment. NOTE: That a person who is quite young to work and studying will be classified under schooling and not “too young”. | |
| 10 | Household and family duties, specify _____ | Persons who did not look for work because they were doing household chores in their own home most of the time. For example, repairing own house, taking care of sick household member, and preparing for wedding. NOTE: In this category, it is required to provide a write-in entry when the response/answer is code ‘10’ for Household and family duties, Specify. Example: Assisting son/daughter/other household member in his/her school modules. | GO TO E33 |
| 99 | Others, specify _____ | Reasons not classified in any of the above categories. This includes a person who is attending review classes for board exam or bar exam or caregiver course |
Further probing must be done if the cited reason for not seeking work is “on vacation”. He/she might actually have a job but was only on vacation at the time of visit. In that case, that person should be considered employed.
Additionally, probe if a pregnant woman and those who had just given birth were just on maternity leave and had a job. In that case, the woman is considered as employed. If the answer of the respondent is from codes '06' to '99', probe further if that is really the primary reason.
If retired or in schooling in E29, the EN will have to probe if there are other jobs or business, at least one hour, paid or unpaid.
Probing should be emphasized at the start of the interview.
In the training, emphasize to participants to include emerging trends and other usual cases of retired persons and those in school.
- Scholars and managers in Axie Infinity
- YouTube vlogging
- Selling e-load
- Student who is helping or rendering unpaid work in farm
E30: Last time looked for work
The response will be used in classifying the person as currently unemployed depending on the time he/she last looked for work. Another use will be for identifying a discouraged worker.
Ask the respondent, “When was the last time (NAME) looked for work?”. Select the appropriate code that corresponds to the answer of the respondent.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Within last month |
| 2 | Two to six months ago |
| 3 | More than six months ago |
E31: Availability for work
Ask the respondent, “Had opportunity for work existed last week or within two (2) weeks, would have (NAME) been available?”.
Select ‘1’ for Yes if the person would be available to work during the past week. Otherwise, select ‘2’ for No if the person is not available to work.
Current availability for work is one of the three (3) criteria of the definition of unemployment specified by the international statistical standards.
This criterion should be interpreted as current availability and readiness to work given a suitable work opportunity. It also means that there are no impediments to start work if a suitable work opportunity existed.
Some people may not be able to take up work immediately because they need some time to make arrangements, as in the case of some women who need to arrange day care of their child while they are away working. For this reason, the term “current” should be interpreted to mean availability for work during the reference week, or within two weeks.
E32: Willing to take up work
Some people who have no job may not have been actively looking for one but may nevertheless want to work had suitable job opportunity were offered to them.
Ask the respondent, “Is (NAME) willing to take up work during the past week or within two (2) weeks?”.
If a person is willing to work during the past week or within two weeks. Select ‘1’ for Yes if he/she is willing to work. Otherwise, select ‘2’ for No if the person seems to have a general desire to work but does not express it, or he/she does want to work now, but perhaps later.
E33: Ever worked/had business at any time in the past
The respondent will be asked whether household members did work or business at any time in the past since the age of 15 years old. This question seeks to determine who among those who are unemployed can be considered as “experienced" unemployed. The "experienced" unemployed are the unemployed who ever worked at any time before for at least one hour, either for pay, for profit or without pay in own family-operated farm or business.
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) ever work/had business at any time in the past?”. Select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No as provided by the respondent. If the answer of the respondent is No, proceed to E39.
E34: Date of the last work
Ask the respondent, “What was the year and month when (NAME) last worked?”.
Enter the month and year in the space provided as given by the respondent. This question asks the year and month when the household member last worked since the age of 15 years old. If the respondent is not sure of the exact year, ask for the best estimate. If the respondent does not know the month or year, select code ‘98’ for Don’t know month, and ‘9998’ for Don’t know year.
E35 and E36: Last occupation
This should be asked for persons who ever work or had business at any time in the past – this means that the answer in E33 is Yes. Ask the respondent, “What was (NAME)’s last occupation?”.
The occupation engaged in by the person, or the latest occupation if he/she had more than one job when she/he reached 15 years old will be determined.
Record the specific occupation. Then in E36, choose the appropriate PSOC code corresponding to the occupation reported.
E37 and E38: Kind of industry of last work
Ask the respondent, “In what kind of industry did (NAME) last work?”.
The corresponding industry of the occupation reported in E35 and E36 is being referred to in this question.
Record the industry as provided by the respondent. For E38, choose the appropriate PSIC code corresponding to the industry reported.
E39: Ownership of agricultural land/s
Items E39 to E44 are for persons 15 years old and over who owns/operates agricultural land/s. These items are aimed at generating statistics on SDG Indicator 5.a.1:
- Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and
- share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure.
Agricultural land
Land is considered ‘agricultural land’ according to its use.
LU1- land under temporary crops
LU2- land under temporary meadows and pastures
LU3- land temporarily fallow
LU4- land under permanent crops
LU5- land under permanent meadows and pastures
Excluded are:
LU6- land under farm buildings and farmyards
LU7- forest and other wooded land
LU8- area used for aquaculture (including inland and coastal waters if part of the holding)
LU9- other area not elsewhere classified
Source: World Agricultural Censuses 2020
Land ownership
Land ownership is a legally recognized right to acquire, to use and to transfer land. In private property systems, this is a right akin to a freehold tenure. However, in systems where land is owned by the State/government, the term ‘land ownership’ refers to possession of the rights most akin to ownership in a private property system. In this context, it is more appropriate to speak of tenure rights– for instance, long-term leases, occupancy, tenancy or use rights granted by the State, often for several decades, and that are transferrable.
Considering the above, as well as the need for comparability of estimates across countries, to determine whether an individual is said to have ownership or secure tenure rights to agricultural land three conditions are considered:
✅ Presence of legally recognized documents in the name of the individual
✅ Right to sell
✅ Right to bequeath
Ask the respondent, “During the period March 01, 2022 to February 28, 2023, does (NAME) own or have rights over agricultural land/s?”.
If a person owns agricultural land/s, select ‘1’ for Yes, and ‘2’ for No. If the respondent answers No, proceed to the next household member, or Section F (Entrepreneurial and Household Sustenance Activities).
E40: Use of agricultural land/s in any agricultural activities
Ask the respondent, “Did (NAME) use this agricultural land in operating any agricultural activity during the past 12 months?”.
This question aims to capture household’s involvement in agriculture over the past 12 months and screen out households where all members are involved in agricultural activity only as wage workers.
If the agricultural land used in any agricultural activity during the past 12 months, select ‘1’ for Yes, or ‘2’ for No.
E41: Proof of land ownership
A holding may be operated under a single form of tenure or under more than one form. In which case, each form of tenure must be reported by parcel. A parcel may have any of the following tenure status: fully owned, owner-like possession, tenanted, leased/rented, rent-free, held under Certificate of Land Transfer (CLT)/Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA), held under Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT)/Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT), held under Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA)/Stewardship or held under other forms like those that are held as mortgage, parcels used without consent of owner.
In the Supreme Court ruling in the case of Cequeṅa and Lirio vs. Bolante (GR 137944, April 6, 2000), regarding possession, Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban stated that:
“Tax receipts and declarations are prima facie proofs of ownership or possession of the property for which such taxes have been paid. Coupled with proof of actual possession of the property, they may become the basis of a claim for ownership. By acquisitive prescription, possession in the concept of owner — public, adverse, peaceful and uninterrupted — may be converted to ownership. On the other hand, mere possession and occupation of land cannot ripen into ownership.”
In this regard, tax declarations and receipts can serve as proof of agricultural land ownership.
Formal documents as proofs of land ownership based on UN statistical metadata for SDG 5.a.1 are as follows:
| Formal documents | Definition |
|---|---|
| Title of deed | A written or printed instrument that effects a legal disposition |
| Certificate of Customary Tenure | An official state document indicating the owner or holder of the land because customary law has recognized that particular person as the rightful owner. It can be used as proof of legal rights over the land. These certificates include, among others, certificated of customary ownership and customary use. |
| Certificate of occupancy or land certificate | A land certificate is a certified copy of an entry in a land title system and provides proof of the ownership and of encumbrances on the land at that time |
| Registered will or registered certificate of hereditary acquisition | A formal document stating the transferring of rights over land by inheritance. |
| Certificate of land ownership | A document evidencing ownership of the land granted or awarded to the beneficiary by the Department of Agrarian Reform, and contains the restrictions and conditions provided for in the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law and other applicable laws |
| Registered certificate of perpetual/long term lease | A contractual agreement between a landlord and a tenant for the tenancy of land. A lease or tenancy agreement is the contractual document used to create a leasehold interest or tenancy |
| Registered short term (less than 3 years) rental contract | A lease or tenancy agreement is the contractual document used between landlord and a tenant to rent a property for a short period of time. |
| Deed of absolute sale | A contract or legal document as proof of transfer or real estate property rights |
Source: unstats.un.org
Ask the respondent, “Does (NAME) have a document proving that he/she owns or has the rights to use this/these agricultural land/s? Was there a formal document for the agricultural land you or your household own or hold secure rights that is issued by the Philippine Land Registration Authority or any government agency such as Transfer Certificate of Title, deed of sale, legal heir, or succession certificate, etc.?”.
If the respondent has a formal document or certificate for the agricultural land/s, select ‘1’ for Yes. If the respondent does not have a formal document or certificate for the parcel, select ‘2’ for No. Then, ask the next household member or proceed to E43.
E42: Owner and/or rights-bearer on the formal document for the agricultural land
Ask the respondent, “Is (NAME)’s name listed in any of the documents as owner or holder of secured rights over any of these agricultural lands?”. Refer to the table below and choose the corresponding codes given by the respondent.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Yes |
| 2 | No |
| 8 | Don't know |
| 9 | Prefer not to answer |
You can probe by asking about the name written in the formal document in E41 so that you can assist the respondent in determining if the particular household member is a listed owner or use rights holder of the parcel because individual names can be listed as witnesses on a document.
E43: Right to sell the agricultural land
This question obtains information on whether the household member/s has the right to sell any of the agricultural land the respondent reports possessing.
Right to sell is the ability of an “individual to permanently transfer the asset in question in return for cash or in-kind benefits”. (Source: fao.org)
Ask the respondent, “Does (NAME) have the right to sell the agricultural land, either alone or jointly with someone else?”. Refer to the table below and choose the corresponding codes given by the respondent.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Yes, alone |
| 2 | Yes, jointly with co-owners |
| 3 | No |
| 8 | Don't know |
| 9 | Prefer not to answer |
E44: Right to bequeath the agricultural land
This question obtains information on whether the household member/s has the right to bequeath the agricultural land the respondent reports possessing.
Right to bequeath is the ability of an “individual to pass on the asset in question to another person(s) after his or her death, by written will, oral will (if recognized by country) or when the deceased left no will, through intestate succession”. (Source: fao.org)
Ask the respondent, “Does (NAME) have the right to bequeath the agricultural land, either alone or jointly with someone else?”. Refer to the table below and choose the corresponding codes given by the respondent.
| Code | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Yes, alone |
| 2 | Yes, jointly with co-owners |
| 3 | No |
| 8 | Don't know |
| 9 | Prefer not to answer |